Sergej Mihajlovich Belousov. Serdce drakona, ili Puteshestvie s Pechenyushkinym----- © Copyright Sergej Belousov Email: lizaveta42(a)hotmail.com Date: 16 Apr 2004.
Read and translate the text. Anthrax Anthrax is an acute infectious disease caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis and is highly lethal in some forms. Anthrax most commonly occurs in wild and domestic ruminants, but it can also occur in humans when they are exposed to infected animals, tissue from infected animals, or high density of anthrax spores. Anthrax cannot spread from human to human. Anthrax infection is extremely rare in common domestic pets (dogs and cats).
Anthrax is rare in humans although it occasionally occurs in ruminants such as cattle, sheep, goats, camels, and antelopes. Bacillus anthracis bacteria are soil-borne. Anthrax can enter the human body through the intestines, lungs, or skin (cutaneous) and causes distinct clinical syndromes based on its site of entry. An infected human will generally be quarantined. However, anthrax does not usually spread from an infected human to a noninfected human.
Anthrax is usually contracted by handling infected animals or their wool, germ warfare/terrorism or laboratory accidents. Pulmonary (respiratory or inhalation) anthrax.
Respiratory infection initially present with cold or flu-like symptoms for several days, followed by severe (and often fatal) respiratorycollapse. If not treated soon after exposure, before symptoms appear, inhalation anthrax is highlyfatal, with near 100% mortality. Gastrointestinal (gastroenteric) anthrax. Gastrointestinal infection is most often caused by the ingestion of infected meat and often presents with serious gastrointestinal difficulty, vomiting of blood, severe diarrhea, acute inflammation of the intestinal tract, and loss of appetite. Intestinal infections result in fatality 25 to 60% of the time.
Cutaneous (skin) anthrax. Cutaneous infection is mainfested by progressive stages from an erythematous papule to ulceration and finally to formation of black scar (i.e., eschar). The black eschar often presents with a large, painless necrotic ulcers (beginning as an irritating and itchy skin lesion or blister that is dark and usually concentrated as a black dot, somewhat resembling bread mold) at the site of infection. Cutaneous infection is the least fatal but without treatment, approximately 20% of all skin infection cases may progress to toxemia and death. Treated cutaneous anthrax is rarely fatal. Treatment for anthrax infection and other bacterial infections includes large doses of intravenous and oral antibiotics, such as, penicillin, ciprofloxacin, doxycycline, erythromycin, and vancomycin. Anthrax spores can survive for long periods of time in the environment after release.
Methods for cleaning anthrax contaminated sites commonly use oxidizing agent such as peroxides. These agents slowly destroy bacterial spores. Read and translate the text. Diseases of the sheep Sheep may fall victim to poisons, infectious diseases, and physical injuries. There are some obvious signs of ill health, with sick sheep eating little, vocalizing excessively, and being generally listless.
In the XX th and XXI st centuries, a minority of sheep owners have turned to alternative treatments such as homeopathy, herbalism and even traditional Chinese medicine to treat sheep veterinary problems. The need for traditional anti-parasitedrugs and antibiotics is widespread, and is the main impediment to certified organic farming with sheep. Many breeders take a variety of preventative measures to warn off problems. The first is to ensure that all sheep are healthy when purchased. Many buyers avoid outlets known to be clearing houses for animals culled from healthy flocks as either sick or simply inferior. This can also mean maintaining a closed flock, and quarantining new sheep for a month.
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Two fundamental preventative programs are maintaining good nutrition and reducing stress in the sheep. Handling sheep in loud, erratic ways causes them to produce cortisol, a stress hormone. This can lead to a weakened immune system, thus making sheep far more vulnerable to disease. Signs of stress in sheep include: excessive panting, teeth grinding, restless movement, wool eating, and wood chewing.
Avoiding poisoning is also important, common poisons are pesticide sprays, inorganic fertilizer, motor oil, as well as radiator coolant (the ethylene glycol antifreeze is sweet-tasting) Common forms of preventive medication for sheep are vaccinations and treatments for parasites. Both external and internal parasites are the most prevalent malady in sheep, and are either fatal, or reduce the productivity of flocks. Worms are the most common internal parasites. They are ingested during grazing, incubate within the sheep, and are expelled through the digestive system. Oral anti-parasiticmedicines known as drenches are given to a flock to treat worms, sometimes after worm eggs in the feces has been counted to assess infestation levels.
Afterwards, sheep may be moved to a new pasture to avoid ingesting the same parasites. External sheep parasites include: lice, sheep kids, nose bots, sheep itch mite, and maggots. Kids are blood- sucking parasites that cause general malnutrition and decreased productivity, but are not fatal. Maggots are those of the bot fly and the blow-fly.Fly maggots cause the extremely destructive condition of flystrike. Flies lay their eggs in wounds or wet, manure-soiledwool, when the maggots hatch they burrow into a sheep's flesh, eventually causing death if untreated.
In addition to other treatments, crutching is a common preventative method. Nose bots are flies that inhabit a sheep's sinuses, causing breathing difficulties and discomfort.
Common signs are a discharge from the nasal passage, sneezing, and frantic movement such as head shaking. External parasites may be controlled through the use of backliners, sprays or immersive sheep dips. A wide array of bacterial diseases affects sheep. Diseases of the hoof, such as foot rot and foot scald may occur, and are treated with footbaths.
Other remedies. These painful conditions cause lameness and hinder feeding. Ovine Johne's disease is a wasting disease that affects young sheep. Bluetongue disease is an insect-borneillness causing fever and inflammation of the mucous membranes. Ovine rinderpest is a highly contagious and often fatal viral disease affecting sheep and goats. A few sheep conditions are transmittable to humans.
Scabby mouth, contagious ecthyma or sore mouth) is a skin disease leaving lesions that is transmitted through skin-to-skincontact. More seriously, the organisms that can cause spontaneous enzootic abortion in sheep are easily transmitted to pregnant women. Also of concern are the prion disease scrapie and the virus that causes foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), as both can devastate flocks. The latter poses a slight risk to humans.
During the 2001 FMD pandemic in the UK, hundreds of sheep were culled and some rare British breeds were at risk of extinction due to this. Answer the following questions. What diseases of the sheep do you know? What are their symptoms? What treatment do the animals have?
What measures should be recommended? Read and translate the text. Animal diseases that threaten man Animals, domesticated or wild, can be a source of human illness. Such diseases, transmitted between animals and man, are often referred to as zoonoses. The animal inflicted malady that inspires the most fear is rabies, a virus that attacks the nervous system.
The saliva of an infected animal contains the deadly virus and comes to us through a bite or open sore or wound. Rural people are at greater risk than urban because of the proximity of wild animals and many free roaming unvaccinated dogs and cats. Warn children about petting or feeding any animal acting abnormally. Have your family pets inoculated. Take immediate action if someone is bitten – try to capture the animal for examination by a veterinarian and seek prompt medical consultation.
Brucellosis afflicts cattle, goats and swine. It can be transmitted from infected animals to man through raw milk, contract of an open sore or wound with an aborted fetus or after birth or from carcasses at the time of slaughter. Undulant fever is a severe and tenacious malady that you can avoid through good sanitation and management. Animals should be tested regularly and removed if infected. Check with your state regulatory officials regarding vaccination. Bovine tuberculosis is much less common today due to rigorous testing and elimination of infected animals.
As bacteria are found in any body secretion or discharge, handling tubercular cattle is a health. Protective measures are regular testing and slaughter of those showing positive reaction, and pasteurization of family consumed milk. Trichinosis is a painful and sometimes fatal disease in man. Eating uncooked or partially cooked infested porkis how we get in.
Thorough cooking of pork is the best prevention. Salmonella organisms are found in a variety of domestic and wild animals and poultry. Transmission to people occurs through contaminated food and water.
The disease causes severe gastro-intestinal distress, fever and loss of appetite, and can be serious for the very young or old. The natural reservoir of tetanus organisms is the intestinal tract of animals, especially horses. The spores are introduced into a person’s body by contamination of a wound with soil, street dust or fecal material. Tetanus is a horrible disease with a high fatality rate; therefore, all rural people should be immunized.
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UNIT 3 TEST 1. The animal body consists of 3 chief parts: the head, the limbs or ex- tremities. A) the trunk b) thorax c) the pelvis 2. The divisions of systematic anatomy are: osteology, arthrology, my- cology, splanchnology, angiology, neurology and. A) physiology b) anesthesiology c) pharmacology 3. Osteology describes the.
A) skeleton b) joints c) muscles 4. Splanchnology descripts the.
A) skeleton b) viscera c) muscles 5. Myologia descripts the.
A) organs of Circulation b) nervous system c) muscles 6. Angiologa descripts the. A) genital organs b) organs of Circulation c) nervous system 7. Anesthesiology descripts the. A) sense organ and common integument b) skeleton c) nervous system 8. Splanchnology includes the. A) digestive system b) nervous system c) respiratory system 9.
Urogenital system includes the. A) urinary organs b) genital organs c) the sense organ 10. Arthrology descripts the. A) muscles b) skeleton c) joints 11. Neurology descripts the. A) nervous system b) organs of Circulation c) viscera 12. The consideration of anatomic facts in their relation to surgery, physical diagnosis and other practical branches is termed anatomy.
A) topographic b) applied c) systematic 13. The circulatory organs consist of the, the arteries, the arterioles, the capillaries and the veins. A) heart b) hand c) lungs 14. The circulatory organs comprise the so-called. A) digestive b) nervous system c) vascular system 15. The average weight of the heart of the horse pounds. A) 7.5 b) 8.5 c) 6.5 16.
The heart is situated in the chest cavity between the lungs in a chamber called the. A) bag b) pericardium c) cavity 17. Between two coverings is the pericardial fluid called. A) pure blood b) impure blood c) lymph.